Despite its official name “Memorandum of Understanding for Transformation and Political Stability”, it was in pith and substance a confidence and supply agreement (CSA) between the government led by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob and the main opposition Pakatan Harapan (PH) bloc led by Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim.
The first of its kind agreement in the country, signed on September 13, 2021, was to “cool political temperatures and allow sharper focus to fight the Covid-19 pandemic and economic malaise”.
The agreement can be read here: https://www.parlimen.gov.my/images/webuser/bkk/mou.pdf
A general view of the Parliament building in Kuala Lumpur November 6, 2025. — Picture by Yusof Isa
